Evidence from past extinctions cannot be used as a definitive way of predicting future biodiversity loss, scientists have found by using AI. A team of researchers including Dr. James Witts of the University of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences and led by Dr. William Foster from Hamburg University used fossils from previous mass extinctions to see if AI-generated models can accurately predict extinction vulnerability. Despite expectations, this research found that mass extinctions could not be used to generate predictive models for other biodiversity crises, with no common cause flagged. This is because marine communities are constantly evolving and no two mass extinctions are impacting the same marine ecosystem. Co-author Dr. Witts explained, "In a time of increasing extinction risk, knowing whether we can make predictions about the vulnerabilities of different organisms to extinction is essential."

Coral reef conservation is a steppingstone to protect marine biodiversity and life in the ocean as we know it. The health of coral also has huge societal implications: reef ecosystems provide sustenance and livelihoods for millions of people around the world. Conserving biodiversity in reef areas is both a social issue and a marine biodiversity priority. In the face of climate change, Annalisa Bracco, professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Institute of Technology, and Lyuba Novi, a postdoctoral researcher, offer a new methodology that could revolutionize how conservationists monitor coral. The researchers applied machine learning tools to study how climate impacts connectivity and biodiversity in the Pacific Ocean's Coral Triangle--the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet.

Coral reefs play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of the marine ecosystem. Various marine organisms depend on coral reefs for their existence and their natural processes. Coral reefs provide the necessary habitat for reproduction and growth for various exotic species of the marine ecosystem. In this article, we discuss the most important parameters which influence the lifecycle of coral and coral reefs such as ocean acidification, deoxygenation and other physical parameters such as flow rate and surface area. Ocean acidification depends on the amount of dissolved Carbon dioxide (CO2). This is due to the release of H+ ions upon the reaction of the dissolved CO2 gases with the calcium carbonate compounds in the ocean. Deoxygenation is another problem that leads to hypoxia which is characterized by a lesser amount of dissolved oxygen in water than the required amount for the existence of marine organisms. In this article, we highlight the importance of physical parameters such as flow rate which influence gas exchange, heat dissipation, bleaching sensitivity, nutrient supply, feeding, waste and sediment removal, growth and reproduction. In this paper, we also bring out these important parameters and propose an ensemble machine learning-based model for analyzing these parameters and provide better rates that can help us to understand and suitably improve the ocean composition which in turn can eminently improve the sustainability of the marine ecosystem, mainly the coral reefs

Our planet's proper functioning and survival rely on a delicate balance of a vast heterogeneity of animal, plant, and microorganism species that contribute to the ecosystem established on Earth. Of all the organisms, there is one that has had a great impact on the planet, so great that it was capable of upsetting its balance, causing entire ecosystems to disappear and threatening its very existence: humans. Activities such as intensive fishing have destroyed the oceans, livestock farming and our gigantic demands for meat have dramatically increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and have prompted ever more reckless farming using pesticides and stressful techniques that have destroyed soils halfway around the world and accelerated the phenomenon of desertification. This has brought us to where we are today, in a society that is only now beginning to recover from one of the greatest disasters in our history, the COVID-19 pandemic, and which must inevitably prepare to face an even greater and more important challenge. This pandemic has undoubtedly taught us many things.

Oceans are the driving force of Mother Nature, holding 97% of earth's water. Oceanic ecosystems involve many critical marine species such as fishes, seagrasses, and coral reefs. These are essential in the marine ecosystem, for example, if seagrasses are removed, this may lead to the reduction of light required for photosynthesis. At the same time, it involves huge maintenance of these marine species. Due to tourism, shipping, and human intervention, 75% of the world's coral reefs are being threatened and 19% of the coral reefs having been destroyed by 2011.

The classic Lotka-Volterra equations present a mathematically robust and well-validated set of idealized equations for describing the predator-prey relationship found in many domains. Here we present results of formulating these equations using a Complex Adaptive Systems model, simulated using Agent-based Modeling techniques. This method allows for (a) closer study of the complex dynamics that are found in these systems, (b) greater understanding of the agent interactions, and (c) more realistic simulation outputs. In so doing, we have uncovered a novel relationship between the amount of resources found at the lowest tropic level of a hypothesized ecosystem and the highest tropic level predators. We explore these results in detail, and highlight their applicability to a real-world marine ecosystem.